For victims of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), disclosure is a critical first step in recovery.
Gemara and Katz (2023) note, “early disclosure of CSA is necessary to put an end to the
abuse, prevent repeated victimization, protect other children, provide psychological
intervention to the impacted children and hold the abuser accountable.” However, many
survivors never disclose or do so long after the abuse has occurred.

When we hear about child sexual abuse, we often focus on the abuse itself. However, in many cases, that moment marks the end of a longer process. This process involves gradually gaining the child’s trust, encouraging secrets, and crossing boundaries—all to make the abuse easier and harder to detect.

A helpful way to understand grooming is by examining it through the social ecological model: what’s happening at the micro (children and close relationships), meso (organizations and communities), and macro (laws, culture, systems) levels. Each level can either make grooming easier or much more difficult.